Purpose-Designed Hydrogeological Maps for Wide Interconnected Surface–Groundwater Systems: The Test Example of Parma Alluvial Aquifer and Taro River Basin (Northern Italy)

Hydrogeological maps must synthesize scientific knowledge about the hydraulic features and hydrogeological behavior of a specific area, and, at same time, they meet expectations land planners administrators. Thus, can be fully effective when are purpose-designed, especially in complex interconnected systems. In this case study, purpose-designed graphical solutions emphasize all interconnections that play significant roles recharging multilayered alluvial aquifer, where majority wells have been drilled for human purposes, artificial channels used agricultural shallow groundwater feeds protected groundwater-dependent ecosystems. The map was then designed to synthesis three different hydraulically main contexts: (i) (ii) hydrographic basin Taro losing river, (iii) those hard-rock aquifers whose springs feed river. integrated with two smaller sketches one profile. One small drawn from modeling perspective because it facilitates visualization aquifer bottom “no-flow boundaries.” other sketch shows channel network emphasizes connection between water courses within aquifer. profile reconstructed able show heterogeneities system (both layered discontinuous), visualize coexistence shallower deeper groundwater, subsystems, (iv) suggest pathways mean residence times.